Heat exchanger with stacked flow channel modules

ABSTRACT

A heat exchanger is provided for a gas turbine engine. This heat exchanger includes a pair of heat exchanger manifolds and a stack of flow channel modules arranged and fluidly coupled between the heat exchanger manifolds. The flow channel modules include a first flow channel module that includes a first heat exchanger section and a second heat exchanger section. The first heat exchanger section includes a base plate, a plurality of flow channel walls and a plurality of heat transfer augmentors. The flow channel walls project out from the base plate to the second heat exchanger section thereby forming a plurality of flow channels between the first heat exchanger section and the second heat exchanger section. The heat transfer augmentors project partially into at least one of the flow channels. A first of the heat transfer augmentors is formed from a different material than the base plate.

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/633,169 filed Jun. 26, 2017, which is hereby incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Technical Field

This disclosure relates generally to a heat exchanger and, moreparticularly, to methods for manufacturing a heat exchanger and heatexchangers manufactured by, for example, such methods.

2. Background Information

A gas turbine engine may include a heat exchanger for conditioningrelatively hot air with relatively cold/mild air bled from, for example,a bypass gas path. Various types of heat exchangers and various methodsfor forming such heat exchangers are known in the art. While these knownheat exchanger configurations and formation methods have variousadvantages, there is still room in the art for improvement. For example,there may be little to no visual access to internal flow channelsurfaces of a prior art heat exchanger for inspection. Therefore,destructive sampling of one or more modules of the heat exchanger may beperformed to enable visual inspection of some of the internal flowchannel surfaces. In addition or alternatively, the modules may beinspected by relatively expensive and time consuming non-destructiveinspection processes that may not have certain geometry or accessibilityfor successful inspection. Therefore, there is a need in the art for aheat exchanger which can be manufactured to enable, inter alia, visualinspection during the manufacturing thereof.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a method is providedfor manufacturing at least a portion of a heat exchanger. During thismethod, a first heat exchanger section is formed that includes a baseand a plurality of protrusions. The forming of the first heat exchangersection includes building up at least one protrusion material on thebase to form the protrusions. The first heat exchanger section isattached to a second heat exchanger section. A plurality of flowchannels are defined between the first heat exchanger section and thesecond heat exchanger section.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a manufacturingmethod is provided. During this method, a first heat exchanger plate isformed configured with a first base plate and a plurality of firstprotrusions. The forming of the first heat exchanger plate includes castor wrought base material to form the first base plate and thereafterbuilding up at least one protrusion material on the first base plate toform the first protrusions, where the at least one protrusion materialis different from the base material. A second heat exchanger plate isformed. The first heat exchanger plate is bonded to a second heatexchanger plate. A plurality of flow channels are defined between thefirst heat exchanger plate and the second heat exchanger plate. Thebonded first and second heat exchanger plates are assembled with othercomponents to provide a heat exchanger.

According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, a heatexchanger is provided for a gas turbine engine. This heat exchangerincludes a pair of heat exchanger manifolds and a stack of flow channelmodules arranged and fluidly coupled between the heat exchangermanifolds. The flow channel modules include a first flow channel modulethat includes a first heat exchanger section and a second heat exchangersection. The first heat exchanger section includes a base plate, aplurality of flow channel walls and a plurality of heat transferaugmentors. The flow channel walls project out from the base plate tothe second heat exchanger section thereby forming a plurality of flowchannels between the first heat exchanger section and the second heatexchanger section. The heat transfer augmentors project partially intoat least one of the flow channels. A first of the heat transferaugmentors is formed from a different material than the base plate.

The first heat exchanger section may be configured as or otherwiseinclude a first heat exchanger plate. In addition or alternatively, thesecond heat exchanger section may be configured as or otherwise includea second heat exchanger plate.

The building up of the at least one protrusion material on the base toform at least one of the protrusions may be performed using one or moreof the following processes: an additive manufacturing process, a thermalspraying process, and a plating process.

The method may further include cast or wrought base material to form thebase.

The attaching of the first heat exchanger section to the second heatexchanger section may include bonding the first heat exchanger sectionto the second heat exchanger section.

At least a first of the protrusions may be configured as a heat transferaugmentor that projects partially into a first of the flow channels fromthe base.

The heat transfer augmentor may be configured as an elongatedprotrusion.

The heat transfer augmentor may be configured as a point protrusion.

A first of the protrusions may be configured as a first type of heattransfer augmentor. A second of the protrusions may be configured as asecond type of heat transfer augmentor that is different than the firsttype of heat transfer augmentor.

The at least one protrusion material may include first protrusionmaterial and second protrusion material that is different from the firstprotrusion material. A first of the protrusions may be formed from thefirst protrusion material. A second of the protrusions may be formedfrom the second protrusion material.

A first of the protrusions may be configured as at least a portion of aflow channel wall that at least partially defines a side of a first ofthe flow channels.

A second of the protrusions may be configured as a heat transferaugmentor that projects partially into the first of the flow channelsfrom the base.

The base may include base material that is different than the at leastone protrusion material.

The method may further include forming the second heat exchangersection. The second heat exchanger section may include a second base anda plurality of second protrusions. The forming of the second heatexchanger section may include building up at least one protrusionmaterial on the second base to form the second protrusions.

The attaching of the first heat exchanger section to the second heatexchanger section may include bonding at least one of the protrusions toa respective one of the second protrusions.

The first heat exchanger section may further include a plurality ofsecond protrusions. The base may be between the second protrusions andthe protrusions. The forming of the first heat exchanger section mayfurther include building up at least one protrusion material on the baseto form the second protrusions.

During the method, a plurality of flow channel modules may be provided,where a first of the flow channel modules may include the first heatexchanger section and the second heat exchanger section. The flowchannel modules may be arranged into a stack. The stack of the flowchannel modules may be configured with one or more heat exchangermanifolds to provide the heat exchanger.

The flow channels may be adapted to flow fluid, having a temperaturegreater than 1000 degrees Fahrenheit during heat exchanger operation.

The plurality of flow channels may be defined between the first heatexchanger section and the second heat exchanger section to combine andmake a heat exchanger module.

The foregoing features and the operation of the invention will becomemore apparent in light of the following description and the accompanyingdrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective illustration of a heat exchanger for a gasturbine engine.

FIG. 2 is a perspective illustration of a flow channel module for theheat exchanger.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional illustration of a portion of the flowchannel module.

FIG. 4 is a sectional illustration of the flow channel module portion.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a method for manufacturing a heat exchangersuch as the heat exchanger of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 6 is a perspective illustration of a base of a heat exchangersection.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an interior face of a portion of a firstheat exchanger section.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of the first heat exchanger section portion.

FIG. 9 is an illustration of an interior face of a portion of a secondheat exchanger section.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of the second heat exchanger section portion.

FIG. 11 is a side-sectional illustration of the flow channel moduleportion.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure includes methods for manufacturing one or moreportions of a heat exchanger, methods for manufacturing an entire heatexchanger as well as a heat exchanger manufactured by, for example, thedisclosed methods. An exemplary embodiment of such a heat exchanger 20is illustrated in FIG. 1 .

The exemplary heat exchanger 20 may be configured for a gas turbineengine of an aircraft propulsion system. Examples of such a gas turbineengine include, but are not limited to, a turbofan gas turbine engine, aturbojet gas turbine engine, a pusher fan gas turbine engine and apropfan gas turbine engine. The present disclosure, however, is notlimited to aircraft propulsion system applications. For example, the gasturbine engine may alternatively be configured as an auxiliary powerunit (APU) for an aircraft system, an industrial gas turbine engine orany other type of gas turbine engine. Furthermore, the presentdisclosure is not limited to gas turbine engine applications. Forexample, the heat exchanger 20 can alternatively be configured for anyother device/system that utilizes a heat exchanger.

The heat exchanger 20 may be configured as an air-to-air heat exchanger.The present disclosure, however, is not limited to such an air-to-airconfiguration. For example, the heat exchanger 20 may alternatively beconfigured as an air-to-liquid heat exchanger or a liquid-to-liquid heatexchanger.

The heat exchanger 20 of FIG. 1 includes one or more arrays 22 (e.g.,stacks) of flow channel modules 24 and one or more heat exchangermanifolds 26. Each of the arrays 22 of the flow channel modules 24 inFIG. 1 extends between and is fluidly coupled with an adjacent pair ofthe manifolds 26. Each of the arrays 22 includes one or more of the flowchannel modules 24; e.g., a stack of the flow channel modules 24.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary one of the flow channel modules 24. Thisexemplary flow channel module 24 includes a first base 28, a second base30, one or more flow channel walls 32 (e.g., sidewalls) and one or moreheat transfer augmentors 34A and 34B (generally referred to as 34), 35Aand 35B (generally referred to as 35), and 36A and 36B (generallyreferred to as 36); see also FIG. 3 . The flow channel module 24 is alsoconfigured with one or more first flow channels 38. Each of these firstflow channels 38 extends longitudinally through the flow channel module24. Each of the first flow channels 38 is defined vertically between thefirst base 28 and the second base 30 and defined laterally between anadjacent pair of the flow channel walls 32, where each wall 32 extendsvertically between and is (e.g., directly) connected to the first base28 and the second base 30.

Each of the heat transfer augmentors 34-36 is configured to enhance heattransfer between a material mass of the flow channel module 24 and thefluid (e.g., air) contacting and flowing past the material mass. Forexample, the heat transfer augmentors of FIG. 2 include one or moreexternal heat transfer augmentors 34 and one or more internal heattransfer augmentors 35 and 36, which augmentors 34 and augmentors 35-36are disposed on opposite sides of the respective base 28, 30.

The external heat transfer augmentors 34 of FIG. 2 are configured asfins. Each of these fins projects vertically out from a respective oneof the bases 28, 30 and extends substantially completely (or partially)laterally across a lateral width of that same respective base 28, 30. Inaddition to enhancing heat transfer, these fins may also oralternatively form partial (or alternatively full) walls for second flowchannels 40 defined between vertically adjacent flow channel modules 24in the stack; e.g., see FIG. 1 .

Referring to FIG. 3 , the internal heat transfer augmentors 35 and 36are configured as protrusions. Each of the protrusions projectspartially into (or completely through) a respective one of the firstflow channels 38 from a respective one of the bases 28, 30 to a distaland/or unsupported end.

Referring to FIG. 4 , one or more of the protrusions (e.g. 35) areconfigured as a first type of heat transfer augmentor and one or more ofthe protrusions (e.g. 36) are configured as a second type of heattransfer augmentor that is different than the first type of heattransfer augmentor. For example, the internal heat transfer augmentors35 are configured as point protrusions such as, but not limited to,hemispheres, cones or other types of pedestals. The internal heattransfer augmentors 36 are configured as elongated protrusions such as,but not limited to, trip strips, straight ribs, chevron-shaped ribs orother types of ribs. Of course, the present disclosure is not limited toincluding two different types of heat transfer augmentors. For example,in other embodiments, there may be more than two types of protrusionconfigurations or alternatively all of the protrusions may have a commonconfiguration.

In the embodiment of FIG. 4 , the internal heat transfer augmentors 35and the internal heat transfer augmentors 36 may be located in differentfirst flow channels 38 such that the different types of augmentors arenot in a common flow channel. However, in other embodiments, one of themore of the first flow channels 38 may include more than one type ofheat transfer augmentor or other type of protrusion.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a method 500 for manufacturing a heatexchanger. For ease of description, the heat exchanger referenced belowis the heat exchanger 20 described above with respect to FIGS. 1-4 .However, the method 500 is not limited to manufacturing such anexemplary heat exchanger configuration nor limited to manufacturing aheat exchanger for a gas turbine engine application.

In step 502, the first base 28 (e.g., a base plate) is formed orotherwise provided. For example, first base material may be cast in amold to form the first base 28 as a casting. An exemplary embodiment ofsuch a cast (or otherwise formed) base is illustrated in FIG. 6 . Inthis exemplary embodiment, the first base 28 is configured as asubstantially flat plate. However, the present disclosure is not limitedto such an exemplary configuration. For example, in other embodiments,the first base 28 may be configured as a two-dimensionally orthree-dimensionally curved plate. Furthermore, the present disclosure isnot limited to forming the first base 28 via cast alloy. For example, inother embodiments, the first base 28 may also or alternatively be formedby wrought alloy and/or using machining and/or other manufacturingtechniques.

An exemplary first base material is metal, which may be in the form of apure metal or a metal alloy. Examples of such a first base materialmetal include, but are not limited to, copper, copper alloys,aluminum-bronze, nickel, nickel alloys, cobalt, cobalt alloys, titanium,titanium alloys, titanium aluminides, or stainless steel alloys. Ofcourse, the first base material of the present disclosure is not limitedto the foregoing exemplary metals or metals in general. For example, inother embodiments, the first base material may be a composite material.

In step 504, the second base 30 (e.g., a base plate) is formed orotherwise provided. For example, second base material may be cast in amold to form the second base 30 as a casting. An exemplary embodiment ofsuch a cast (or otherwise formed) base is illustrated in FIG. 6 . Inthis exemplary embodiment, the second base 30 is configured as asubstantially flat plate. However, the present disclosure is not limitedto such an exemplary configuration. For example, in other embodiments,the second base 30 may be configured as a two-dimensionally orthree-dimensionally curved plate. Furthermore, the present disclosure isnot limited to forming the second base 30 via casting. For example, inother embodiments, the second base 30 may also or alternatively beformed using machining and/or other manufacturing techniques.

An exemplary second base material is metal, which may be in the form ofa pure metal or a metal alloy. Examples of such a second base materialmetal include, but are not limited to, copper, copper alloys,aluminum-bronze, nickel, nickel alloys, cobalt, cobalt alloys, titanium,titanium alloys, titanium aluminides, or stainless steel alloys. Ofcourse, the second base material of the present disclosure is notlimited to the foregoing exemplary metals or metals in general. Forexample, in other embodiments, the second base material may be acomposite material. In some embodiments, the second base material may bethe same as the first base material. In other embodiments, the secondbase material may be different than the first base material.

In step 506, one or more protrusions 42-45 are formed on the first base28 to provide a first heat exchanger section 46 (e.g., plate) as shownin FIGS. 7 and 8 . More particularly, at least one protrusion materialis built up on the first base 28 to form the protrusions 42-45. Theprotrusion material(s) may be built up using one or more materialbuildup techniques that include, but are not limited to, an additivemanufacturing process, a thermal spraying process and a plating process.Examples of an additive manufacturing process include, but are notlimited to, cold metal transfer (CMT), wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM), laser powder deposition and laser wire deposition. Examples of athermal spraying process include, but are not limited to, cold sprayingand high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. Examples of a platingprocess include, but are not limited to, electrolytic plating andelectroless plating. Notably, the foregoing exemplary material buildupprocesses are different and distinct from a non-material buildup processsuch as attaching one solid body to another solid body to add a feature;e.g., welding a rib onto a plate.

The protrusions 42-45 are formed on the first base 28 to provide one ormore or each of the following features: portions 47 (e.g., halve) of theflow channel walls 32, the external heat transfer augmentors 34A and theinternal heat transfer augmentors 35A and 36A. However, in otherembodiments, one or more (but not all) of these protrusions 42-45 may beintegral with the first base 28. For example, the flow channel walls 32(e.g., the wall portions 47) may be formed with the first base 28 duringthe step 502.

All of the protrusions 42-45 may be formed (i.e., built up) from acommon protrusion material. Alternatively, one or more of theprotrusions 42-45 may be formed from a first protrusion material whileone or more others of the protrusions 42-45 may be formed from at leasta second protrusion material that is different from the first protrusionmaterial. For example, the flow channel walls 32 may be formed from thefirst protrusion material and the heat transfer augmentors 35A and 36Amay be formed from the second protrusions material. The first protrusionmaterial may be selected for enhanced bonding characteristics whereasthe second protrusion material may be selected for enhanced heattransfer characteristics. In some embodiments, the first and the secondprotrusion materials may each be different from the first and/or thesecond base material. Alternatively, one of the protrusion materials (orthe common protrusion material) may be the same as the first and/or thesecond base materials.

An example protrusion material is metal, which may be in the form of apure metal or a metal alloy. Examples of such a protrusion materialmetal include, but are not limited to, copper, copper alloys,aluminum-bronze, nickel, nickel alloys, cobalt, cobalt alloys, titanium,titanium alloys, titanium aluminides, or stainless steel alloys. Ofcourse, the protrusion material of the present disclosure is not limitedto the foregoing exemplary metals or metals in general. For example, inother embodiments, the protrusion material may be a composite material.

In step 508, one or more protrusions 48-51 are formed on the second base30 to provide a second heat exchanger section 52 (e.g., plate) as shownin FIGS. 9 and 10 . More particularly, at least one protrusion materialis built up on the second base 30 to form the protrusions 48-51. Theprotrusion material(s) may be built up using one or more materialbuildup techniques that include, but are not limited to, an additivemanufacturing process, a thermal spraying process, and a plating processas described above.

The protrusions 48-51 are formed on the second base 30 to provide one ormore or each of the following features: portions 53 (e.g., halve) of theflow channel walls 32, the external heat transfer augmentors 34B and theinternal heat transfer augmentors 35B and 36B. However, in otherembodiments, one or more (but not all) of these protrusions 48-51 may beintegral with the second base 30. For example, the flow channel walls 32(e.g., the wall portions 53) may be formed with the second base 30during the step 504.

All of the protrusions 48-51 may be formed (i.e., built up) from thecommon protrusion material. Alternatively, one or more of theprotrusions 48-51 may be formed from the first protrusion material whileone or more others of the protrusions 48-51 may be formed from thesecond protrusion material that is different from the first protrusionmaterial. For example, the flow channel walls 32 may be formed from thefirst protrusion material and the heat transfer augmentors 34B, 35B and36B may be formed from the second protrusions material.

In the present exemplary embodiment, the protrusions 42-45 and 48-51 areformed in the steps 506 and 508 from the same protrusion material(s).However, in other embodiments, one or more the protrusions 42-45 may beformed in the step 506 from a different material(s) than the protrusions48-51 formed in the step 508.

In step 510, the first heat exchanger section 46 is attached to thesecond heat exchanger section 52 to provide one of the flow channelmodules 24 as shown, for example, in FIGS. 2 and 3 . For example, thefirst heat exchanger section 46 and, more particularly, the first flowchannel wall portions 47 may be bonded to the second heat exchangersection 52 and, more particularly, the second flow channel wall portions53, where each first flow channel wall portion 47 is aligned with arespective one of the second flow channel side wall portions 53. Thebonding may be performed using one or more of the following exemplary,but non-limiting, techniques: a brazing technique, a transient liquidphase (TLP) bonding technique, and a diffusion bonding technique.

It is worth noting, forming the first heat exchanger section 46 as adiscrete body from the second heat exchanger section 52 enables eachheat exchanger section to be (e.g., visually) inspected prior to thestep 510; e.g., during an inspection step 509. By contrast, if the heatexchanger sections 46 and 52 were formed integrally together during asingle casting step, the interior thereof (e.g., the protrusions, thewalls and the surfaces forming the channels 38) could not be inspectedwithout cutting the body open or using expensive and time consumingnon-destructive inspection processes.

In step 512, one or more of the other flow channel modules 24 may beformed or otherwise provided. For example, some or all of the steps 502,504, 506, 508, 509 and 510 may be repeated one or more times to provideone or more additional flow channel modules 24.

In step 514, the flow channel modules 24 are arranged in one or morestacks as shown, for example, in FIG. 1 . The flow channel modules 24 ineach stack may be attached to one another. For example, the respectivefins 34A and 34B may be attached together using a bonding technique asdescribed, but not limited to, in the step 510.

In step 516, each stack of the flow channel modules 24 is configuredwith one or more of the heat exchanger manifolds 26 to provide the heatexchanger 20. For example, each stack of the flow channel modules 24 maybe arranged and fluidly coupled between an adjacent pair of the heatexchanger manifolds 26.

The method 500 may include one or more additional steps than thosedescribed above. For example, in some embodiments, one or more apertures(e.g., dimples, recesses, crevices, gouges, etc.) may be machined orotherwise formed in the first base 28 and/or the second base 30. Theseapertures may be configured to further enhance heat transfer. Inaddition or alternatively, the channels 38 may be formed in the base 28,30 to partially or completely define the respective flow channel walls32, or wall portions 47, 53.

In some embodiments, the first heat exchanger section 46 may besubstantially the same as (e.g., a mirror image of) the second heatexchanger section 52 as shown, for example, in FIG. 3 . In otherembodiments, the first heat exchanger section 46 may be different fromthe second heat exchanger section 52. For example, in the embodiment ofFIG. 3 , each flow channel wall portion 47, 53 defines a verticalportion of the respective flow channel(s) 38. However, in otherembodiments, one set or subset of the flow channel wall portions 47, 53may be omitted such that the other set of the flow channel wall portionscompletely vertically defines the respective flow channel(s) 38. In someembodiments, one of the heat exchanger sections 46, 52 may be formedwithout any heat transfer augmentors. In some embodiments, one of theheat exchanger sections 46, 52 may be formed with a different numberand/or type(s) of heat transfer augmentors than the other one of theheat exchanger sections 52, 46.

In some embodiments, one or more of the heat exchanger sections 46, 52may each be configured with additional protrusions formed during thestep 506, 508. For example, referring to FIG. 11 , one or more heattransfer augmentors 54 and 56 may be formed between each (or select)adjacent pair of fins. Each of these heat transfer augmentors 54, 56 maybe configured to project partially into (or completely through) arespective one of the second flow channels 40 from a respective one ofthe bases 28, 30 to a distal and/or unsupported end. One or more of theaugmentors (e.g., 54) may be configured as point protrusions. One ormore of the augmentors (e.g., 56) may be configured as elongatedprotrusions.

The heat exchanger 20 formed using the method 500 may be configured fora gas turbine engine. For such an application, the material(s) definingthe flow channels can be subject to relatively high temperature fluidsand, thus, are selected to withstand those high temperatures. Forexample, the heat exchanger 20 may be subject to fluid temperaturesabove 1000 degrees Fahrenheit; e.g., greater than 1300 degreesFahrenheit.

While various embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed,it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many moreembodiments and implementations are possible within the scope of theinvention. For example, the present invention as described hereinincludes several aspects and embodiments that include particularfeatures. Although these features may be described individually, it iswithin the scope of the present invention that some or all of thesefeatures may be combined with any one of the aspects and remain withinthe scope of the invention. Accordingly, the present invention is not tobe restricted except in light of the attached claims and theirequivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A heat exchanger for a gas turbine engine,comprising: a first heat exchanger manifold; a second heat exchangermanifold; and a stack of flow channel modules arranged and fluidlycoupled between the first heat exchanger manifold and the second heatexchanger manifold, the flow channel modules comprising a first flowchannel module that includes a first heat exchanger section and a secondheat exchanger section; the first heat exchanger section including abase plate, a plurality of first fins, a plurality of flow channel wallsand a plurality of heat transfer augmentors; the first fins projectingout from a first side of the base plate; the flow channel wallsprojecting out from a second side of the base plate, which is oppositethe first side of the base plate, to the second heat exchanger sectionthereby forming a plurality of flow channels between the first heatexchanger section and the second heat exchanger section; and the heattransfer augmentors projecting out from the second side of the baseplate partially into at least one of the flow channels; wherein a firstof the heat transfer augmentors is formed from a different material thanthe base plate; wherein a first of the first fins overlaps a first ofthe flow channel walls at an intermediate location along the base plate;wherein the base plate has a vertical thickness measured vertically fromthe first side of the base plate to the second side of the base plate atthe intermediate location; wherein the first of the first fins has avertical height measured vertically from the first side of the baseplate to a distal end of the first of the first fins at the intermediatelocation; and wherein the vertical thickness is greater than thevertical height.
 2. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the first ofthe flow channel walls is formed from a different material than thefirst of the heat transfer augmentors.
 3. The heat exchanger of claim 2,wherein the first of the flow channel walls is formed from a differentmaterial than the base plate.
 4. The heat exchanger of claim 1, whereinthe first of the flow channel walls is formed from a different materialthan the base plate.
 5. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the firstof the flow channel walls at least partially defines a side of a firstof the flow channels.
 6. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein thefirst heat exchanger section is attached to the second heat exchangersection.
 7. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the first heatexchanger section is bonded to the second heat exchanger section.
 8. Theheat exchanger of claim 1, wherein a first of the heat transferaugmentors is configured as an elongated protrusion.
 9. The heatexchanger of claim 1, wherein a first of the heat transfer augmentors isconfigured as a point protrusion.
 10. The heat exchanger of claim 1,wherein a first of the heat transfer augmentors projects partially intoa first of the flow channels, and the first of the heat transferaugmentors has a first configuration; and a second of the heat transferaugmentors projects partially into a second of the flow channels, andthe second of the heat transfer augmentors has a second configurationthat is different than the first configuration.
 11. The heat exchangerof claim 10, wherein different configurations of the heat transferaugmentors are not located within a common one of the flow channels. 12.The heat exchanger of claim 11, wherein the first of the heat transferaugmentors is configured as an elongated protrusion; and the second ofthe heat transfer augmentors is configured as a point protrusion. 13.The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein a vertical height of a first ofthe flow channels between the first heat exchanger section and thesecond heat exchanger section is greater than the vertical height of thefirst of the first fins.
 14. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein thefirst of the first fins is formed from a different material than thebase plate.
 15. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the flow channelmodules further comprise a second flow channel module, and the secondflow channel module includes a second base plate and a plurality ofsecond fins; and the second fins project out from a first side of thesecond base plate, and each of the second fins is attached to arespective one of the first fins.
 16. The heat exchanger of claim 1,further comprising: a third heat exchanger manifold; and a second stackof the flow channel modules arranged and fluidly coupled between thesecond heat exchanger manifold and the third heat exchanger manifold.